The main hardware change brought by vehicle electrification is the addition of the three-electric system, namely battery, motor, and electric control. The energy conversion process of electric vehicles is through the continuous control, processing, and distribution of high voltage and high current by the three-electric system. The inverter converts the DC output of the battery pack into three-phase AC power, and the three-phase AC drives the induction motor to rotate. Finally, the induction motor drives the driving wheels of the vehicle.

The three-electric system of the Tesla Model 3 is divided into two sections: HV Battery and Motor.

The HV Battery is further divided into four functional modules with five sets of PCB boards.

The four functional modules are: Battery Management System (BMS, managing the operation of the battery), High Voltage Processing Unit (HVP, handling high-voltage current), Power Converter (PCS, including DC/DC and OBC), and Charging Port Controller (CP, handling power communication and controlling the charging port).

The five sets of PCB boards are: BMS control board (1 board, covering BMS and HVP), BMB module management board (4 boards, corresponding to 4 sets of batteries), CCS wiring board (8 boards, corresponding to 4 sets of batteries), Power Converter board PCS (1 board), and Charging Port Control board CP (1 board).

The total area is 0.663 square meters, with a value of 600~650 yuan. From the specifications of the PCB boards, only one battery pack requires about 0.663 square meters of additional PCB usage. The design will involve thick copper layers, and the estimated value of the battery pack's PCB boards will reach 600~650 yuan (250~280 yuan for ragid boards and 350~370 yuan for flex boards).

The motor engine electronic control drive is integrated into a single PCB.

The motor controller and driver of Tesla Model 3 are highly integrated, with a PCB board area of approximately 0.05 square meters (with irregular shape, this value is only an estimate). There will also be a thick copper layer, with a single board value estimated at approximately 40 yuan.

The PCB consumption of the three-electric system of Tesla Model 3 is about 0.713 square meters, corresponding to a single-car value of 640 to 690 yuan.

The main hardware features of automotive intelligence are the increase in the number of intelligent hardware and the improvement in the integration of control units involved in computing. Each intelligent hardware requires a PCB as a carrier, such as the MMIC (monolithic microwave integrated circuit) that performs radio frequency functions in millimeter-wave radar. The image processing (CMOS) of vehicle cameras requires ragid-flex PCB. High-end lidar will use processor motherboard PCB, rotor board PCB, and motor board PCB.

The sensor end of Model 3 includes 12 cameras and 1 millimeter-wave radar

The three-camera system of the Model 3 is integrated into a PCB with an area of approximately 0.002 square meters. The process uses a 4-6 layer HDI solution, with a single piece value of approximately 3 to 4 yuan. Considering that Tesla Model 3 uses 12 cameras, the PCB value of its entire camera autonomous driving sensor is expected to reach 10 to 15 yuan. In addition, the millimeter-wave radar equipped with two PCB are made of PTFE and FR4 mixed materials, with a PCB value of approximately 20 to 30 yuan. Therefore, the PCB value of Tesla's autonomous driving sensor solution currently expected is approximately 30 to 45 yuan.

It is not difficult to see from Tesla's autonomous driving solution that the value of PCB used in camera sensors is relatively limited, while the value of PCB used in millimeter-wave radar and laser radar used in other autonomous driving solutions is relatively high (laser radar involves 3-5 PCB using HDI technology). Some new energy manufacturers and traditional vehicle manufacturers prefer millimeter-wave radar and laser radar solutions, and the incremental value of PCB in the sensor side will gradually be reflected in the future.

Tesla Model 3 domain controller is divided into 4 modules

The Model 3 is controlled by only three areas: the central control module, the right body control domain, and the left body control domain, corresponding to four core control modules: the AICM, the BCM FH, the BCM RH, and the BCM LH.

4 large domain controllers correspond to 6 PCB.

There are mainly three boards in the AICM (responsible for assisted driving Autopilot, infotainment Media, and network communication LTE), all of which use HDI technology and have high value. The front/right/left body controllers each have one board, and the total area of the six PCB is 0.28 square meters, with a value of approximately 550-600 yuan.

The PCB value of the three-electric system, the core hardware of Tesla Model 3's electrification is about 640-690 yuan, and the PCB value of the core controller of the intelligent core hardware is about 550-600 yuan. According to industry chain research, the PCB value of intelligent sensors and other non-core and scattered small components is about 300-350 yuan, resulting in a total PCB value of 1490-1640 yuan per vehicle.

In the future, with the improvement of electric capability, the increase of advanced intelligent sensors and the further improvement of integration, the value of PCB in single vehicle is expected to reach a new level. According to CPCA, the global automotive PCB output value will reach 9.5 billion US dollars by 2025, and the compound growth rate from 2020 to 2025 will reach 7.8%, showing a promising growth.

Article reference source：三电+域控是价值核心，大陆 PCB 迎变革机会-国金证券[樊志远，邓小路，刘妍雪]

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